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Front-end nuclear fuel supply cooperation: Turning allied interdependence into strategic advantage
The global nuclear revival, which is fueled by unprecedented demand for firm, affordable, dispatchable power for artificial intelligence and data center build-out, energy security imperatives, and climate commitments, has exposed a structural reality of the Western fuel cycle: No single allied nation currently possesses the full suite of front-end capabilities. From mining through conversion, enrichment, fabrication, and the emerging deconversion and metallization steps required for reactor fuels, capability is distributed across Canada, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively, the “Sapporo Five”), as well as a small group of close partners.
Wenchao Zhang, Robin P. Gardner
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 151 | Number 3 | November 2005 | Pages 361-373
Computer Code Abstract | doi.org/10.13182/NSE05-A2556
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A Monte Carlo simulation code, CEARPGA II, has been developed to generate the complete set of library spectra that are required for the application of the Monte Carlo-Library Least-Squares approach in prompt-gamma-ray neutron activation analysis. Compared to the previous version, the CEARPGA I code, several important improvements have been made including eliminating the "big weight" problem by implementing the Analog Linear Interpolation technique, generating the appropriate detector response functions using improved simulation models that account for NaI detector nonlinearity and flat continua, generating the neutron activation backgrounds by directly sampling detector-activated gamma-ray energies, generating the natural background libraries by interpolating the energy-score tables, and tracking the annihilation gamma rays from the pair production interaction that occurs outside the detector. The coal sample spectrum calculated with the CEARPGA II code is benchmarked against those calculated from the CEARPGA I code, the MCNP code, and experimentally measured data.