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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
S. M. Ghiaasiaan, J. D. Bohner, S. I. Abdel-Khalik
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 123 | Number 1 | May 1996 | Pages 136-146
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE96-A24218
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Countercurrent flow limitation in channels with evaporation taking place inside them is examined. Countercurrent flow limitation in short, small-diameter channels subject to purely axial, purely radial, and combined axial and radial gas injection is studied. Experiments were performed using air and water, with channel diameters 0.475 to 1.91 cm and channel lengths 1.27 to 5.72 cm. Purely axial gas injection data are shown to agree with Wallis’s correlation but with coefficients that strongly depend on channel dimensions. Purely radial gas injection data and data obtained with combined axial and radial gas injection result in flooding curves significantly different from those representing the purely axial gas injection data and indicate that near complete flooding (zero liquid penetration) can occur in small-diameter and short channels due to relatively small radial gas injection rates. Flooding curves for long or large-diameter channels are insensitive to the gas injection configuration, however.