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Front-end nuclear fuel supply cooperation: Turning allied interdependence into strategic advantage
The global nuclear revival, which is fueled by unprecedented demand for firm, affordable, dispatchable power for artificial intelligence and data center build-out, energy security imperatives, and climate commitments, has exposed a structural reality of the Western fuel cycle: No single allied nation currently possesses the full suite of front-end capabilities. From mining through conversion, enrichment, fabrication, and the emerging deconversion and metallization steps required for reactor fuels, capability is distributed across Canada, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively, the “Sapporo Five”), as well as a small group of close partners.
Clinton T. Ballinger, James A. Rathkopf, William R. Martin
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 112 | Number 4 | December 1992 | Pages 283-295
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE92-A23978
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A new method, response history Monte Carlo (RHMC), has been developed for solving electron transport problems through homogeneous material, and it is more accurate than the conventional method for energies below a few hundred kilo-electron-volts. Since electrons can suffer thousands of collisions and lose only a fraction of their incident energy, analog Monte Carlo (single scatter) is extremely time-consuming. The conventional electron transport method avoids simulating single scattering events by modeling the effect of multiple collisions. This condensed history method requires assumptions that are invalid at lower energies to analytically determine probability distribution functions (pdfs) representing the electron state after multiple collisions. Like the condensed history method, the RHMC method uses an approximate random walk where each step represents the cumulative effect of many collisions. However, the RHMC method is more accurate than the condensed history method since the multiscattered electron state is sampled from pdfs predetermined by analog Monte Carlo calculations instead of approximate analytic solutions.