ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 ANS Winter Conference & Expo
November 15–18, 2026
Phoenix, AZ|Arizona Grand Resort & Spa
Latest Magazine Issues
Sep 2026
Jan 2026
2026
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
October 2026
Nuclear Technology
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
Westinghouse, Nordion, and PSEG team up to produce Co‑60 in the United States
This past January, Westinghouse Electric Company, Nordion, and PSEG Nuclear formalized agreements to implement newly developed cobalt-60 production technology at Units 1 and 2 of PSEG’s Salem nuclear power plant in New Jersey, with the Co-60 to be supplied to Nordion. Through an ongoing joint initiative, the companies aim to harness U.S. pressurized water reactors to produce a key medical isotope and build the first commercial-scale Co-60 production platform in the United States.
M. L. Williams
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 108 | Number 4 | August 1991 | Pages 355-383
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE90-33
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A general theory is developed to describe the mechanism by which the response observed on a detector propagates throughout a system. The response is transferred between a particle source and the detector by special particles called contributons. The distribution in phase-space of the response carried by contributons defines a new quantity called the “response continuumwhich depends on solutions to the forward and adjoint Boltzmann equations. A transport equation for the response distribution is derived, and properties of the response continuum are discussed. The response concentration is described by the contributon response density and flux, which are used to locate regions containing large amounts of potential response contribution. The flow of response through space is described by streamlines of a vector field called the “response current.” This field is related to two new variables called the “response potential” and “vorticity,"respectively. Sample results are presented for “contributon dipole” configurations. A spherical harmonic expansion of the angular flux is given to describe directional characteristics of the response continuum. The “contributon slowing-down equation” is derived to describe the simultaneous transfer of response through space and energy. A new contributon Monte Carlo method to simulate response transport is discussed.