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In transition: Commercializing fusion power
Commercial fusion power is closer than ever. There are now around 30 U.S. fusion companies, several of which claim to be on track to connect to the grid as early as the 2030s.
Tokamak and laser inertial confinement approaches benefit from decades of research at facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and ITER, with alternative concepts including stellarator, magnetic mirror, and Z-pinch confinement also making notable progress as private and government funding for fusion increases.
M. L. Williams
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 108 | Number 4 | August 1991 | Pages 355-383
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE90-33
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A general theory is developed to describe the mechanism by which the response observed on a detector propagates throughout a system. The response is transferred between a particle source and the detector by special particles called contributons. The distribution in phase-space of the response carried by contributons defines a new quantity called the “response continuumwhich depends on solutions to the forward and adjoint Boltzmann equations. A transport equation for the response distribution is derived, and properties of the response continuum are discussed. The response concentration is described by the contributon response density and flux, which are used to locate regions containing large amounts of potential response contribution. The flow of response through space is described by streamlines of a vector field called the “response current.” This field is related to two new variables called the “response potential” and “vorticity,"respectively. Sample results are presented for “contributon dipole” configurations. A spherical harmonic expansion of the angular flux is given to describe directional characteristics of the response continuum. The “contributon slowing-down equation” is derived to describe the simultaneous transfer of response through space and energy. A new contributon Monte Carlo method to simulate response transport is discussed.