ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 ANS Annual Conference
May 31–June 3, 2026
Denver, CO|Sheraton Denver
Latest Magazine Issues
Feb 2026
Jul 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
March 2026
Nuclear Technology
February 2026
Fusion Science and Technology
January 2026
Latest News
From SPARC to ARC: CFS prepares for a first-of-a-kind fusion plant
Commonwealth Fusion Systems makes no small plans. The company wants to build a 400-MWe magnetic confinement fusion power plant called ARC near Richmond, Va., and begin operating it in the early 2030s. And the plans don’t end there. CFS wants to deploy “thousands” of fusion power plants capable of accelerating a global energy transition.
M. L. Williams
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 108 | Number 4 | August 1991 | Pages 355-383
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE90-33
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A general theory is developed to describe the mechanism by which the response observed on a detector propagates throughout a system. The response is transferred between a particle source and the detector by special particles called contributons. The distribution in phase-space of the response carried by contributons defines a new quantity called the “response continuumwhich depends on solutions to the forward and adjoint Boltzmann equations. A transport equation for the response distribution is derived, and properties of the response continuum are discussed. The response concentration is described by the contributon response density and flux, which are used to locate regions containing large amounts of potential response contribution. The flow of response through space is described by streamlines of a vector field called the “response current.” This field is related to two new variables called the “response potential” and “vorticity,"respectively. Sample results are presented for “contributon dipole” configurations. A spherical harmonic expansion of the angular flux is given to describe directional characteristics of the response continuum. The “contributon slowing-down equation” is derived to describe the simultaneous transfer of response through space and energy. A new contributon Monte Carlo method to simulate response transport is discussed.