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In transition: Commercializing fusion power
Commercial fusion power is closer than ever. There are now around 30 U.S. fusion companies, several of which claim to be on track to connect to the grid as early as the 2030s.
Tokamak and laser inertial confinement approaches benefit from decades of research at facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and ITER, with alternative concepts including stellarator, magnetic mirror, and Z-pinch confinement also making notable progress as private and government funding for fusion increases.
J. Stepanek , M. Segev
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 108 | Number 3 | July 1991 | Pages 215-229
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE91-A23820
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A surface current methodology is developed to respond to the need for treating the various levels of material heterogeneity in a double-heterogeneous multilayer multicell in processing neutron multigroup cross sections in the resonance as well as in the thermal energy range. First, the basic surface cosine current transport equations to calculate the energy-dependent neutron flux spatial distribution in the multilayered multicell are formulated. Slab, spherical, and cylindrical geometries, as well as square and hexagonal lattices and pebble-bed configurations with white or reflective cell boundary conditions, are considered., Second, starting from the surface cosine current formulation, a two-zone three-layer multicell formalism for reduction of the heterogeneous flux expressions to equivalent homogeneous flux expressions for the “table” method is developed. The “outer (right side)” as well as “inner (left side)” Dancoff probabilities can be calculated for any particular layer., This formalism allows an infinite as well as a limited number of second-heterogeneity cells within a partial first-heterogeneity cell layer to be considered. Also, the number of the first- as well as second-heterogeneity cell types is quite general., An accurate, efficient, and compact interpolation procedure is used to calculate the basic collision probabilities. These are transmission and escape probabilities for shells in slab, cylindrical, and spherical geometries, as well as Dancoff probabilities for cylinders in square and hexagonal lattices., The use of the interpolation procedure is exemplified in a multilayer multicell approximation for the Dancoff probability, enabling a routine evaluation of the equivalence-based shielded resonance integral in highly complex lattices of slab, cylindrical, or spherical cells.