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Front-end nuclear fuel supply cooperation: Turning allied interdependence into strategic advantage
The global nuclear revival, which is fueled by unprecedented demand for firm, affordable, dispatchable power for artificial intelligence and data center build-out, energy security imperatives, and climate commitments, has exposed a structural reality of the Western fuel cycle: No single allied nation currently possesses the full suite of front-end capabilities. From mining through conversion, enrichment, fabrication, and the emerging deconversion and metallization steps required for reactor fuels, capability is distributed across Canada, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively, the “Sapporo Five”), as well as a small group of close partners.
Douglas W. Stamps
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 142 | Number 2 | October 2002 | Pages 237-243
Technical Note | doi.org/10.13182/NSE02-A2304
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A series of experiments was conducted in a right circular cylinder to determine the flow pattern that develops when air circulates from the drag induced by falling water sprays. Two different flow patterns were visually observed and recorded by the distribution of spray mass flux. In one pattern, the airflow took the form of a single three-dimensional toroidal vortex with the air flowing up the sides of the container and down the center thereby concentrating the water sprays in the center of the container. The toroidal vortex was an unstable flow pattern unless the water spray was uniformly distributed along the ceiling. The second pattern was stable and took the form of a single nearly two-dimensional stationary roll with the air flowing up one side of the container and down the other thereby concentrating the water sprays along the downflow side. As the water pressure in the nozzles was increased, the roll did not remain stationary but rotated slowly about the central vertical axis of the container.