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Fusion Science and Technology
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In transition: Commercializing fusion power
Commercial fusion power is closer than ever. There are now around 30 U.S. fusion companies, several of which claim to be on track to connect to the grid as early as the 2030s.
Tokamak and laser inertial confinement approaches benefit from decades of research at facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and ITER, with alternative concepts including stellarator, magnetic mirror, and Z-pinch confinement also making notable progress as private and government funding for fusion increases.
L. F. Rodriguez, A. Shapiro
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 49 | Number 3 | November 1972 | Pages 349-357
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE72-A22547
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Experimental methods which utilize incident bremsstrahlung radiation have been developed for rigorously evaluating gamma-ray shielding calculational methods and for determining gamma-ray shielding design parameters over a continuous energy span. Comparisons between experimentally determined double differential transmitted spectra, i.e., the spectra as a function of energy and angle, with corresponding calculated transmitted spectra, provides a rigorous test of the calculation. Additionally, by varying the maximum energy of the incident bremsstrahlung radiation, the kernel governing the angle and energy distribution of the transmitted photons can be unfolded from the spectra. A knowledge of this kernel allows calculations to be made of other parameters, such as build-up factors, transmitted doses, etc. Reasonably accurate kernels were obtained by subtracting out the contribution due to single collisions, and by smoothing the remaining multicollision component by applying Cook’s least structure analysis. To establish the methods, collimated beams of bremsstrahlung radiation were directed against an iron slab and the experimental results were compared to those obtained from the multigroup Monte Carlo code MORSE. Transmission measurements were taken at angles of 0, 30, and 60 deg from the incident direction. After modifying the estimator subroutine in MORSE, the spectral agreement obtained was excellent. The kernels obtained by inputting an incident constant group unit source in MORSE agreed favorably with those obtained experimentally from incident bremsstrahlung spectra.