ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 ANS Winter Conference & Expo
November 15–18, 2026
Phoenix, AZ|Arizona Grand Resort & Spa
Latest Magazine Issues
Sep 2026
Jan 2026
2026
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
October 2026
Nuclear Technology
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
Westinghouse, Nordion, and PSEG team up to produce Co‑60 in the United States
This past January, Westinghouse Electric Company, Nordion, and PSEG Nuclear formalized agreements to implement newly developed cobalt-60 production technology at Units 1 and 2 of PSEG’s Salem nuclear power plant in New Jersey, with the Co-60 to be supplied to Nordion. Through an ongoing joint initiative, the companies aim to harness U.S. pressurized water reactors to produce a key medical isotope and build the first commercial-scale Co-60 production platform in the United States.
Ian Wall and Henri Fenech
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 22 | Number 3 | July 1965 | Pages 285-297
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE65-A20933
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The fuel management optimization of a nuclear power plant is separable from the over-all optimum design. It has weak interactions with the core design and poison management which may be expressed by constraints upon the maximum permissible fuel burnup and ratio of peak-to-average power density (power peaking). Each time the reactor becomes subcritical, a decision must be made as to which fuel should be discharged and replaced and to what degree rearrangement is advantageous. This is a multistage decision process whose objective is the minimum power cost over the plant life. A dynamic programing algorithm and a computer program have been developed to optimize the refueling policies of a single-enrichment, three-zone, 1000-MWe PWR core for a minimum unit power cost. The major assumptions necessary for this method are the representation of the fuel composition by the sole parameter, burnup, and the prediction of the system behavior by least-squares polynomial curves fitted to prior calculations. These approximations have been verified and their accuracy is about 3%. Many problems are displayed to demonstrate the application of the method. The cost figures given in the numerical examples are for illustration purposes only and may not reflect current manufacturers' and utilities' policies.