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In transition: Commercializing fusion power
Commercial fusion power is closer than ever. There are now around 30 U.S. fusion companies, several of which claim to be on track to connect to the grid as early as the 2030s.
Tokamak and laser inertial confinement approaches benefit from decades of research at facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and ITER, with alternative concepts including stellarator, magnetic mirror, and Z-pinch confinement also making notable progress as private and government funding for fusion increases.
K. Takeuchi, S. Tanaka, M. Kinno
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 78 | Number 3 | July 1981 | Pages 273-283
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE81-A20304
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
For the transport calculation of gamma rays including bremsstrahlung, an improvement is made in the PALLAS-PL, SP discrete ordinates direct-integration code to enable evaluation of bremsstrahlung. The electrons resulting from Compton scattering, pair production, and the photoelectric effect are individually evaluated based on the primary gamma-ray flux calculated with the code. Bremsstrahlung production is then calculated by applying the continuous electron slowing down model. For this purpose, both the electron stopping power and the differential cross section for bremsstrahlung production are evaluated. Comparisons of PALLAS calculations with experiments are presented to test the validity of this code and method. As a result, it has been observed that the PALLAS calculations result in fairly good agreement with experiments, except for some discrepancies at energies below ∼0.7 MeV in the energy spectrum transmitted through lead and iron from a plane isotropic 6.2-MeV gamma-ray source. There is agreement also with another experiment on the attenuation by lead of transmission dose ∼8-MeV gamma rays in a normally incident from a plane monodirectional source. Further, there is agreement with the energy spectrum in lead calculated by a moments method for a plane monodirectional 8-MeV source without inclusion of secondary photons. Also presented are calculations of buildup factors and of energy spectra, including the contribution of bremsstrahlung, for a plane monodirectional beam of 8-MeV gamma rays normally incident on lead and on tungsten.