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Fusion Science and Technology
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In transition: Commercializing fusion power
Commercial fusion power is closer than ever. There are now around 30 U.S. fusion companies, several of which claim to be on track to connect to the grid as early as the 2030s.
Tokamak and laser inertial confinement approaches benefit from decades of research at facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and ITER, with alternative concepts including stellarator, magnetic mirror, and Z-pinch confinement also making notable progress as private and government funding for fusion increases.
T. W. Armstrong, H. S. Moran
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 42 | Number 1 | October 1970 | Pages 41-48
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE70-A19325
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Calculations have been carried out to estimate the absorbed-dose and dose-equivalent rates at various depths in the atmosphere produced by an energetic solar flare—the flare of February 23, 1956. The dose rates are determined both by computing flux spectra using air only and applying flux-to-dose conversion factors and by computing the dose rates in tissue using an air-tissue-air arrangement. The two methods of calculation are in reasonable agreement when the flux-to-dose factors are applied to the forward-flux spectra, but the calculations indicate that previous results obtained using omnidirectional-flux spectra overestimate the dose rates. Also, the effect of the fuel carried by a supersonic aircraft on the dose received by the passengers in the event of a solar flare has been considered and found not to be substantial.