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In transition: Commercializing fusion power
Commercial fusion power is closer than ever. There are now around 30 U.S. fusion companies, several of which claim to be on track to connect to the grid as early as the 2030s.
Tokamak and laser inertial confinement approaches benefit from decades of research at facilities such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and ITER, with alternative concepts including stellarator, magnetic mirror, and Z-pinch confinement also making notable progress as private and government funding for fusion increases.
M. S. Sadeghipour, M. N. Özişik, J. C. Mulligan
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 79 | Number 1 | September 1981 | Pages 9-18
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE81-A19038
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The transient freezing of liquid metals in laminar flow in the thermal entry region of a circular tube is investigated analytically under the assumption that the heat removal from the tube wall is by convection into an environment at a temperature lower than the freezing temperature. The variation of the solid-liquid interface as a function of time and position along the tube is determined. The effects of Biot number and the difference between the freezing and the ambient temperatures on the length of freeze-free zone are examined.