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Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
A. Ziya Akcasu, Louis M. Shotkin
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 28 | Number 1 | April 1967 | Pages 72-81
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE67-A18669
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The bounded periodic behavior of the reactor power is studied for those instances when the equilibrium power is greater than the critical power level. Simple formulas are derived, for reactors with arbitrary linear feedback and no delayed neutrons, for the amplitude and frequency of the limit cycles. These quantities are shown to be related to the ratio of the equilibrium-to-critical power level and to the Laplace transform of the feedback kernel. Since the techniques used apply for arbitrary values of the fundamental component of the power oscillation, they are used to derive a describing function which is valid for large amplitude disturbances. Conditions for the existence of critical power levels and, hence, limit cycles are discussed. Formulae for investigating the stability of these limit cycles are also derived. Applications are made to the circulating fuel reactor and to the two-temperature reactor. It is also suggested that the results can be used in two practical situations: 1) When the oscillation amplitude is indistinguishable from the reactor noise, the power level can exceed critical; and 2) When the oscillation amplitude is large, the reactor can be used as a self-sustained pulse-modulated neutron source.