ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
Standards Program
The Standards Committee is responsible for the development and maintenance of voluntary consensus standards that address the design, analysis, and operation of components, systems, and facilities related to the application of nuclear science and technology. Find out What’s New, check out the Standards Store, or Get Involved today!
Latest Magazine Issues
Jul 2025
Jan 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
September 2025
Nuclear Technology
August 2025
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Kun Min and B. T. Chao
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 26 | Number 4 | December 1966 | Pages 534-546
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE66-A18425
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
An experimental investigation has been carried out demonstrating the feasibility of improving wall-to-fluid heat transfer in solid-gas suspension flow in which the solid particles were electrically charged and were acted upon by forces due to a fluctuating electric field, normal to the flow stream. The suspension, consisting of 30-μ glass beads in air, flowed vertically downward in a rectangular heat-transfer channel. The flow Reynolds number ranged from 1460 to 5840 and the loading ratio from 0 to slightly above 2. An alternating potential of 10-kV peak-to-peak was applied across the half-channel width of 0.635 cm. At the frequency of 7.7 cycles/sec and the loading ratio of unity, the rate of heat transfer was observed to increase by approximately 30 to 60%, depending on the Reynolds number. It was shown that the increase in heat transfer can be largely accounted for by the heat conveyed by the particles from the heated wall to the flow stream. Under certain simplifying assumptions, the increase in heat flux was expressed in terms of the particle influx at the wall and the degree of accommodation of the particles to the wall and fluid bulk temperatures. The principal simplifying feature of the system was the dominant influence of the applied field on the particle transport behavior.