ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 ANS Winter Conference & Expo
November 15–18, 2026
Phoenix, AZ|Arizona Grand Resort & Spa
Latest Magazine Issues
Sep 2026
Jan 2026
2026
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
October 2026
Nuclear Technology
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
Westinghouse, Nordion, and PSEG team up to produce Co‑60 in the United States
This past January, Westinghouse Electric Company, Nordion, and PSEG Nuclear formalized agreements to implement newly developed cobalt-60 production technology at Units 1 and 2 of PSEG’s Salem nuclear power plant in New Jersey, with the Co-60 to be supplied to Nordion. Through an ongoing joint initiative, the companies aim to harness U.S. pressurized water reactors to produce a key medical isotope and build the first commercial-scale Co-60 production platform in the United States.
Larry R. Foulke, Elias P. Gyftopoulos
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 30 | Number 3 | December 1967 | Pages 419-435
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE67-A18402
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A space-dependent reactor kinetics approximation, called the Natural Mode Approximation (NMA), has been applied to the calculation and interpretation of reactor dynamic experiments. The NMA is based on a modal expansion technique where the space- and time-dependent reactor variables are approximated by a series of products of time-dependent coefficients and space-dependent expansion modes. The modes are the eigenvectors of a linear operator derived from the complete set of equations describing the reactor system at an initial reference condition. A pair of computer codes, MUDMO-II and SYNSIG, are used to synthesize approximate modes in two-dimensional systems without feedback. An oscillation test is proposed which may be used to verify key parameters of the NMA. The experimental technique is described and applied to both numerical and actual measurements. In addition, it is shown how a natural mode expansion may be used to interpret standard dynamic experiments when the observations are functions of space and time. The results of calculations of kinetic problems are compared with those of independent calculations which are considered to be exact. Good agreement is established. It is shown that the flux tilting following a localized perturbation is a sensitive function of the relative magnitudes of the measurable parameters of the NMA. The novel idea of “correction modes” is introduced which increases the accuracy of a low-order NMA without appreciable increase in computation time.