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Front-end nuclear fuel supply cooperation: Turning allied interdependence into strategic advantage
The global nuclear revival, which is fueled by unprecedented demand for firm, affordable, dispatchable power for artificial intelligence and data center build-out, energy security imperatives, and climate commitments, has exposed a structural reality of the Western fuel cycle: No single allied nation currently possesses the full suite of front-end capabilities. From mining through conversion, enrichment, fabrication, and the emerging deconversion and metallization steps required for reactor fuels, capability is distributed across Canada, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively, the “Sapporo Five”), as well as a small group of close partners.
W. A. Coleman, R. E. Maerker, F. J. Muckenthaler, and P. N. Stevens
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 27 | Number 2 | February 1967 | Pages 411-422
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE67-A18280
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Extensive Monte Carlo calculations were performed to determine the distribution in energy and angle of neutrons reflected from steel-reinforced concrete for five incident directions and ten incident energy groups extending from 0.5 eV to 200 keV. The reflected distributions were determined in terms of a doubly differential albedo for each of 54 emergent directions for each energy group lying between and including the incident group and the tenth group (0.5 to 1.8 eV). The standard deviation of the doubly differential albedo averaged around ten percent. The angular slowing down density of the incident epicadmium neutrons within the slab was computed at 0.5 eV and was used as the source distribution for a Monte Carlo single-velocity diffusion calculation using 0.025-eV cross sections. From the diffusion calculation, the differential angular albedos of the reflected subcadmium neutrons and the depth distributions of captures occurring at subcadmium energies were obtained. Measurements of the differential angular albedo of emergent subcadmium neutrons due to a measured spectrum of incident monodi-rectional beams of epicadmium neutrons were performed at the ORNL Tower Shielding Facility in an experiment geometrically identical to that previously reported for incident subcadmium beams. Of the 35 common points of calculation and measurement, the two largest discrepancies are 23 and 36%; the remaining 33 comparisons produced a root-mean-square deviation of 4.5%.