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Front-end nuclear fuel supply cooperation: Turning allied interdependence into strategic advantage
The global nuclear revival, which is fueled by unprecedented demand for firm, affordable, dispatchable power for artificial intelligence and data center build-out, energy security imperatives, and climate commitments, has exposed a structural reality of the Western fuel cycle: No single allied nation currently possesses the full suite of front-end capabilities. From mining through conversion, enrichment, fabrication, and the emerging deconversion and metallization steps required for reactor fuels, capability is distributed across Canada, France, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (collectively, the “Sapporo Five”), as well as a small group of close partners.
Novak Zuber, F. W. Staub
Nuclear Science and Engineering | Volume 30 | Number 2 | November 1967 | Pages 268-278
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/NSE67-A17337
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In the past it has been customary to analyze problems concerned with predicting the transient behavior of the concentration in terms of the diffusion equation and, in particular, in terms of Fick's Law. In this paper, the transient behavior of the vapor volumetric concentration in a two-phase flow system with a change of phase is formulated in terms of kinematic waves, and expressed as a propagation equation. The derived void propagation equation predicts the void response to variations of 1) power density, 2) liquid inlet velocity, 3) system pressure, 4) thermodynamic nonequilibrium in the liquid and/or in the vapor, 5) compressibilities of the liquid and of the vapor, 6) flow regime, and 7) body forces. For a boiling forced-flow system, the results of the analysis show that 1) The rate of propagation of the voids, as well as the change, i.e., the distortion of the void disturbance as it propagates along the duct, can be predicted by means of kinematic waves. 2) The rate of propagation of kinematic waves depends on the volumetric flux density of the mixture, the drift velocity of the vapor, and the vapor volumetric concentration. 3) Since the velocity of kinematic waves depends on concentration, the wave forms may develop discontinuities resulting in kinematic shock waves. 4) The void response depends, definitively, upon the flow regime and it may change, completely, with a change in flow pattern.