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North American construction is back—smaller and faster—at OPG’s Darlington
“The nuclear renaissance is real here,” said Ontario Power Generation’s Subo Sinnathamby on May 8, one year to the day after OPG secured a final investment decision to build the first of four planned BWRX-300 reactors at its Darlington nuclear power plant, and shortly after the new reactor’s foundation was lifted into place. “We got our license to construct in April and our [final investment decision] in May, and we’ve been off to the races since.”
Paul B. Parks, Marshall N. Rosenbluth, Sergei V. Putvinski, Todd E. Evans
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 35 | Number 3 | May 1999 | Pages 267-279
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST99-A80
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Proposed is a new concept for disruption mitigation and fast shutdown in tokamaks: the injection of hydrogen or helium liquid jets. Liquid jets can rapidly cool the plasma to reduce divertor heat loads and large halo current forces while simultaneously raising the density sufficiently to prevent runaway electron generation. Massive ~40- to 100-fold density increases equivalent to ~50 g of deuterium are necessary for this purpose in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). It is shown that only two or three simultaneously injected high-velocity (800 to 1200 m/s) jets can easily deliver this amount of fuel within a period of ~20 ms and thus avoid runaway electron buildup during the 50- to 500-ms current quench phase. Optimum jet parameters, such as radius, velocity, driving pressure, and injection time, predicted from a jet ablation/penetration model, lead to an innovative pulsed injector design concept. The design concept is also based on a thermodynamic process path that allows the lowest possible temperature at the nozzle orifice, given the constraint of a high, ~700-atm driving pressure. By having a cold jet exit the nozzle orifice, the potential problem of rapid boiling (flashover) during jet propagation across vacuum space between the nozzle orifice and the tokamak plasma can be overcome. A one-dimensional fluid-dynamic calculation, including finite compressibility, shows that a specially designed liquid Laval nozzle is needed for liquid helium injection because the jet velocity is supersonic (Mach number ~4). This injector concept is being considered for a proposed disruption mitigation experiment on DIII-D.