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Fusion Science and Technology
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Smarter waste strategies: Helping deliver on the promise of advanced nuclear
At COP28, held in Dubai in 2023, a clear consensus emerged: Nuclear energy must be a cornerstone of the global clean energy transition. With electricity demand projected to soar as we decarbonize not just power but also industry, transport, and heat, the case for new nuclear is compelling. More than 20 countries committed to tripling global nuclear capacity by 2050. In the United States alone, the Department of Energy forecasts that the country’s current nuclear capacity could more than triple, adding 200 GW of new nuclear to the existing 95 GW by mid-century.
G. Granucci, A. Airoldi, E. Barbato, A. Bruschi, A. Cardinali, C. Castaldo, R. Cesario, S. Cirant, B. Esposito, D. Farina, F. Gandini, G. Giruzzi, C. Gormezano, M. Leigheb, M. Marinucci, F. Mirizzi, S. Nowak, L. Panaccione, V. Pericoli-Ridolfini, S. Podda, G. Ramponi, G. L. Ravera, A. N. Saveliev, A. Simonetto, C. Sozzi, A. A. Tuccillo, F. Zonca
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 45 | Number 3 | May 2004 | Pages 387-401
Technical Paper | Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) | doi.org/10.13182/FST04-A521
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
This chapter reports the main physics results obtained with three radio-frequency-injection systems. The frequency of 8 GHz for the lower hybrid (LH) current drive (CD) (LHCD) system was chosen to explore CD at high density: full CD has been demonstrated for central densities up to 1.4 × 1020 m-3 at 0.5 MA with an applied power up to 2.0 MW. The Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) database shows CD efficiencies from 0.1 to 0.3 × 1020 AW-1 m-2. In combined experiments with electron cyclotron (EC) waves (140 GHz, up to 1.2 MW), a suprathermal absorption by the fast electron tail generated by LHCD has been observed in both downshifted and upshifted interaction regimes, with the resulting electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) ranging from 20 to 100 kA, depending on experimental conditions. With pure EC resonance heating, the narrowness of the radial power deposition profile has been exploited, resulting in strong local electron heating. Results in high-density regimes are also presented. The third system (433 MHz, 0.5 MW) is the first to test ion Bernstein wave (IBW) coupling with a waveguide antenna. The experiment operates at high frequency, avoiding the occurrence of nonlinear phenomena at the edge. Improved confinement regimes resulting in a central peaking of the pressure profiles have been achieved with PIBW up to 0.4 MW. Modeling and experimental results are summarized.
