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Nuclear Energy Conference & Expo (NECX)
September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
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Deep geologic repository progress—2025 Update
Editor's note: This article has was originally published in November 2023. It has been updated with new information as of June 2025.
Outside my office, there is a display case filled with rock samples from all over the world. It contains a disk of translucent, orange salt from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant near Carlsbad, N.M.; a core of white-and-bronze gneiss from the site of the future deep geologic repository in Eurajoki, Finland; several angular chunks of fine-grained, gray claystone from the underground research laboratory at Bure, France; and a piece of coarse-grained granite from the underground research tunnel in Daejeon, South Korea.
Y. P. Zhang, D. Mazon, J. Zhang, P. F. Zhang, P. Malard, H. B. Xu, J. Zhou, Y. Peysson, X. L. Zou, J. W. Yang, G. L. Yuan, M. Isobe, X. Y. Song, X. Li, Yi Liu, Z. B. Shi, M. Xu, X. R. Duan, the HL-2A Team
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 77 | Number 1 | January 2021 | Pages 1-8
Technical Paper | doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2020.1829457
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A hard X-ray pinhole camera system has been recently built at the HL-2A tokamak to measure the evolution of space-time distribution of fast electrons in the energy range of 20 to 200 keV. The camera is mainly composed of a fan-shaped detector array, an observation window, a pinhole mechanism, and a data processing system. The detector array consists of 21 CdTe detectors that are arranged in a poloidal section. The camera views the plasma perpendicularly through an observation window mounted in a horizontal port on the equatorial plane. The data processing is implemented by a fast spectrometry based on field-programmable gate array technology. The time and space resolution of the camera can reach 2 to 16 ms and 2 cm, respectively. During the HL-2A experiment campaign in 2018, measurements of fast electrons produced by lower hybrid waves using the camera were successfully performed. The performance of the camera and the first experimental results with some discussions are presented in this paper.