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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Alexander A. Skovoroda
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 35 | Number 1 | January 1999 | Pages 238-242
Oral Presentations | doi.org/10.13182/FST99-A11963859
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The symmetrization of the magnetic trap allows to reduce the transversal losses and to increase the equilibrium β at preservation the axial asymmetry. The symmetrization principles are obtained using the topography of the module of a magnetic field B. Two principles are formulated: “Natural” Principle and “Isometric” Principle. “Natural” Principle: the isomagnetic lines (isolines B on the equilibrium magnetic surface Ψ) do not form the islands, i.e. all isomagnetic lines are closed around the magnetic axis (for closed systems around the torus as in tokamak). “Isometric” Principle: at fulfilment the “Natural” Principle the equality of the field lines lengths between any isomagnetic lines on an equilibrium surface Ψ is necessary. The known omnigenous, quasi-symmetric and orthogonal magnetic traps satisfy to this last principle.