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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
Victor V. Bulanin
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 35 | Number 1 | January 1999 | Pages 141-145
Oral Presentations | doi.org/10.13182/FST99-A11963839
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The scattering of electromagnetic waves is a primary importance of the short wave fluctuation studies in the fusion research plasmas. Among the scattering diagnostics the CO2-laser one is favorable for a number of reasons. It is insensitive to refraction distortions, is capable of easy coupling with a plasma machines and much more cheaply compared to far infrared scattering technique. The current status the diagnostics based on the light mixture detection principle is considered in the report. This kind of diagnostics for plasma micro-turbulence investigation is mostly employed in toroidal magnetic systems. However its application for the same purpose in mirror plasmas may be perspective as well. Two options of CO2-laser scattering diagnostics developed for FT-2 tokamak are presented. There are distinguished by a kind of laser probing sources and ω-K regions of density fluctuations. The diagnostics capabilities are exemplified by the recent results of CO2-laser scattering experiments in the FT-2 tokamak. The perspectives of the CO2-laser scattering are analyzed for small-scale fluctuation study in open magnetic confinement systems.