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WIPP: Lessons in transportation safety
As part of a future consent-based approach by the federal government to site new deep geologic repositories for nuclear waste, local communities and states that are considering hosting such facilities are sure to have many questions. Currently, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico is the only example of such a repository in operation, and it offers the opportunity for state and local officials to visit and judge for themselves the risks and benefits of hosting a similar facility. But its history can also provide lessons for these officials, particularly the political process leading up to the opening of WIPP, the safety of WIPP operations and transportation of waste from generator facilities to the site, and the economic impacts the project has had on the local area of Carlsbad, as well as the rest of the state of New Mexico.
Robert D. Watson, Kevin T. Slattery, Ben C. Odegard, Jr., Chuck H. Cadden, Tim N. McKechnie, Scott O'Dell, Lev Tuchinskiy, Raouf Loutfy, Eugene Dyadko, Suri Sastri, Nilesh Gundaa, Prashant Karandikar
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 34 | Number 3 | November 1998 | Pages 443-453
Plasma Facing Components Technology | doi.org/10.13182/FST98-A11963653
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
During the ITER EDA (Engineering Design Activity), the US Home Team developed improved methods for fabricating tungsten armored plasma facing components. Thermo-mechanical modeling indicated the desirability of using “brush-like” structures (clusters of small filaments or rods) as a means of reducing thermal stresses. The commercial availability of tungsten welding electrode rods (1.6 mm and 3.2 mm diameter) significantly reduced the raw material costs. Three approaches were developed: (1) Cu is plasma sprayed to the W brushes followed by diffusion bonding or e-beam welding the copper backing to the CuCrZr heat sink, (2) Molten Cu is cast directly on the tips of the W brushes followed by the diffusion bonding step, and (3) W rods are sputter-coated with a bonding aid and are directly bonded to the CuCrZr heat sink using HIP or vacuum hot pressing. High heat flux testing was performed up to 18 MW/m2 without damage to two small-scale divertor mockups.