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Fusion Science and Technology
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Glass strategy: Hanford’s enhanced waste glass program
The mission of the Department of Energy’s Office of River Protection (ORP) is to complete the safe cleanup of waste resulting from decades of nuclear weapons development. One of the most technologically challenging responsibilities is the safe disposition of approximately 56 million gallons of radioactive waste historically stored in 177 tanks at the Hanford Site in Washington state.
ORP has a clear incentive to reduce the overall mission duration and cost. One pathway is to develop and deploy innovative technical solutions that can advance baseline flow sheets toward higher efficiency operations while reducing identified risks without compromising safety. Vitrification is the baseline process that will convert both high-level and low-level radioactive waste at Hanford into a stable glass waste form for long-term storage and disposal.
Although vitrification is a mature technology, there are key areas where technology can further reduce operational risks, advance baseline processes to maximize waste throughput, and provide the underpinning to enhance operational flexibility; all steps in reducing mission duration and cost.
F. Wagner, J. Baldzuhn, R. Brakel, B. Branas, R. Burhenn, J. Das, E. De La Luna, V. Erckmann, Y. Feng, S. Fiedler, L. Gianonne, P. Grigull, H.-J. Hartfuß, O. Heinrich, G. Herre, M. Hirsch, J.V. Hofmann, E. Holzhauer, R. Jaenicke, Ch. Konrad, G. Kocsis, W. Ohlendorf, P. Pech, F. Sardei, E. Wuersching, S. Zoletnik
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 27 | Number 3 | April 1995 | Pages 32-39
Overview Paper | doi.org/10.13182/FST95-A11947043
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
We will give a summary on the status of H-mode studies on W7-AS stellarator. The major H-mode characteristics compare well with those known from the tokamak H-mode. All major characteristics of the H-mode are reproduced: The transition is spontaneous above a power and density threshold; particle and energy confinement improve simultaneously; a transport barrier at the edge develops with steep pressure gradients and ELMs appear; small scale fluctuations are strongly reduced and the development of a radial electric field is indicated by increased perpendicular impurity flow velocity. The temporal development of the transition seems to be distinctively slower than in tokamaks. The H-mode can be initiated by ECRH or NBI, respectively. The power threshold can be smaller than that of tokamaks. With ECRH, the density threshold is found to increase with heating power. The H-mode develops in small windows of the accessible iota range. These operational islands are characterised by a negative electric field already prior to the H-mode and a distinct maximum in space potential at the separatrix.