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Swiss nuclear power and the case for long-term operation
Designed for 40 years but built to last far longer, Switzerland’s nuclear power plants have all entered long-term operation. Yet age alone says little about safety or performance. Through continuous upgrades, strict regulatory oversight, and extensive aging management, the country’s reactors are being prepared for decades of continued operation, in line with international practice.
M. J. Gouge, W. A. Houlberg, S. E. Attenberger, S. L. Milora, R. A. Causey, J. L. Anderson, D. Petti, O. Kveton, D. F. Holland
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 28 | Number 4 | November 1995 | Pages 1644-1650
Technical Paper | Plasma Engineering | doi.org/10.13182/FST95-A30431
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Isotopic tailoring of the deuterium and tritium density profiles infusion reactors can lead to reduced tritium inventory in plasma facing components and, therefore, improved safety considerations. The isotopic tailoring concept consists of utilizing a tritium-rich pellet source for core fueling and a deuterium-rich gas source for edge fueling. Because of the improved particle confinement associated with the deeper tritium core fueling component, comparable core densities of deuterium and tritium can be maintained even when the edge deuterium fuel source is much larger than the core tritium fuel source. The fuel composition of the edge and scrape-off plasmas as well as the isotope fractions in plasma facing components reflect the total through-put of all makeup fuel and are therefore deuterium-rich. This innovative fueling concept results in about a factor of two reduction in tritium inventory of the plasma facing components. The higher tritium burn fraction allows a significant reduction in tritium gas flows into and out of the vacuum vessel and, for fusion reactors, implies lower required tritium breeding ratios.