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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
E. Tucker, J. Gilligan
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 26 | Number 4 | December 1994 | Pages 1265-1274
Technical Paper | First-Wall Technology | doi.org/10.13182/FST94-A30311
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Energetic (> 10-keV) particles incident on divertor plate surfaces may penetrate the vapor shield formed under extremely high heat flux conditions (> 1010 W/m2). In this case, the total energy transmission factor f through the vapor shield can increase drastically, which leads to more surface damage. A one-dimensional time-dependent coupled magnetohydrodynamic-radiation transport code MAGFIRE, originally used in modeling the vapor shield development under a blackbody radiation source, has been modified to include a charged-particle source. The sources used to model a disruption are monoenergetic beams of electrons and/or deuter-ons with any given incident heat flux and energy per particle. An electron source (≤20 keV) will eventually (for times ≤10 µs) be completely absorbed by the vapor resulting in f converging to the same f (for times ≥100 µs) as an equivalent ion heat flux source. Results show that in fact all three sources converge (at ∼100 µs) to the same steady-state value of f for any given heat flux. Results also show that steady-state f decreases for increasing heat fluxes on a carbon surface. Non-steady-state f, however, depends on total incident beam energy fluence and electron energy per particle. The energetic electron spectrum incident on divertor plates during a disruption needs to be measured on large tokamaks so that reliable simulation can be done for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)-like conditions.