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Smarter waste strategies: Helping deliver on the promise of advanced nuclear
At COP28, held in Dubai in 2023, a clear consensus emerged: Nuclear energy must be a cornerstone of the global clean energy transition. With electricity demand projected to soar as we decarbonize not just power but also industry, transport, and heat, the case for new nuclear is compelling. More than 20 countries committed to tripling global nuclear capacity by 2050. In the United States alone, the Department of Energy forecasts that the country’s current nuclear capacity could more than triple, adding 200 GW of new nuclear to the existing 95 GW by mid-century.
Siegfried W. Cierjacks, Pavel ObloŽinský, Stefan Kelzenberg, Bernhard Rzehorz
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 24 | Number 3 | November 1993 | Pages 277-287
Technical Paper | Nuclear Data | doi.org/10.13182/FST93-A30202
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
A new algorithm and three major nuclear data libraries were developed for the kinematically complete treatment of sequential (x,n) reactions infusion material activation calculations. The new libraries include data for virtually all isotopes with Z≤ 84 (A ≤ 210) and half-lives exceeding 1 day; primary neutron energies En < 20 MeV; and secondary charged particles x = p, d, t, 3He, and α with energies Ex < 24 MeV. While production cross sections of charged particles for primary (n,x) reactions can be deduced from the European activation file, the KFKSPEC data file was created for the corresponding normalized charged-particle spectra. The second data file, KFKXN, contains cross sections for secondary (x,n) reactions. The third data file, KFKSTOP, has a complete set of differential ranges for all five aforementioned light charged particles and all elements from hydrogen to uranium. The KFKSPEC and KFKXN libraries are based essentially on nuclear model calculations using the statistical evaporation model superimposed with the pre-equilibrium contribution as implemented in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ALICE code. The KFKSPEC library includes 633 isotopes, of which 55 are in their isomeric states, and contains 63 300 spectra of the (n,x) type with almost 1.5 million data points. The KFKXN library also includes 633 isotopes and contains all (x,n) and partly (x,2n) cross sections for 4431 reactions with ∼106 000 data points. The KFKSTOP library is considered complete and has 11040 data points.