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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
Kenji Morita
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 19 | Number 4 | July 1991 | Pages 2083-2091
Technical Paper | Carbon Material Special | doi.org/10.13182/FST91-A29343
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The sputtering of metal atoms and the retention and release of hydrogen isotopes in metal-carbon composite layer materials are discussed. The criteria for suppression of metal sputtering are derived on the basis of the concentration of carbon atoms segregated at the surface, which is calculated taking into account segregation and dissolution at the surface and at the interface as well as diffusion. Data on the ion flux dependence of the sputtering yield of metal from different metal-carbon systems are presented, and the critical flux and thickness required for suppression of metal sputtering are discussed. Furthermore, data on retention and release of implanted hydrogen isotopes are presented and compared with those for graphite.