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September 8–11, 2025
Atlanta, GA|Atlanta Marriott Marquis
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
The RAIN scale: A good intention that falls short
Radiation protection specialists agree that clear communication of radiation risks remains a vexing challenge that cannot be solved solely by finding new ways to convey technical information.
Earlier this year, an article in Nuclear News described a new radiation risk communication tool, known as the Radiation Index, or, RAIN (“Let it RAIN: A new approach to radiation communication,” NN, Jan. 2025, p. 36). The authors of the article created the RAIN scale to improve radiation risk communication to the general public who are not well-versed in important aspects of radiation exposures, including radiation dose quantities, units, and values; associated health consequences; and the benefits derived from radiation exposures.
Akira Endoh, Masayoshi Watanabe, Shuntaro Watanabe
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 11 | Number 3 | May 1987 | Pages 492-496
Technical Paper | KrF Laser | doi.org/10.13182/FST87-A25031
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Two modules of a low impedance electron-beam (e-beam) machine were developed to pump a 200-J, 70-ns KrF laser from both sides. The laser was designed as the power amplifier of a picosecond, terawatt excimer laser system, which will be applied to a basic physical research on extreme ultraviolet lasers. Each driving circuit of the e-beam diode was a 2.8.-Ω double parallel plate Blumlein with a 500-kV rail gap as the main switch. The energy deposited in the 42-ℓ laser gain region was measured by several diagnostics to determine the energy transfer efficiency and the spatial uniformity of energy deposition with the guide magnetic field of 1 kG. The triggered operation of 500-kV rail gaps, which is essential for amplifier system synchronization, was realized by the ultraviolet laser irradiation along the rail-gap axis with reduced switching time and jitter of 20 and 1.9 ns, respectively.