ANS is committed to advancing, fostering, and promoting the development and application of nuclear sciences and technologies to benefit society.
Explore the many uses for nuclear science and its impact on energy, the environment, healthcare, food, and more.
Explore membership for yourself or for your organization.
Conference Spotlight
2026 ANS Annual Conference
May 31–June 3, 2026
Denver, CO|Sheraton Denver
Latest Magazine Issues
Feb 2026
Jul 2025
Latest Journal Issues
Nuclear Science and Engineering
February 2026
Nuclear Technology
January 2026
Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
DOE announces NEPA exclusion for advanced reactors
The Department of Energy has announced that it is establishing a categorical exclusion for the application of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) procedures to the authorization, siting, construction, operation, reauthorization, and decommissioning of advanced nuclear reactors.
According to the DOE, this significant change, which goes into effect today, “is based on the experience of DOE and other federal agencies, current technologies, regulatory requirements, and accepted industry practice.”
George Tsotridis
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 32 | Number 1 | August 1997 | Pages 35-44
Technical Paper | First-Wall Technology | doi.org/10.13182/FST97-A19878
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Plasma-facing components in tokamak-type fusion reactors are subjected to intense heat loads during plasma disruptions, which causes melting and evaporation of the surface layer. The influence of the beam cross section of the incident energy on the depths of heat-affected zones on pure tungsten metal has been studied by using a two-dimensional transient computer model that solves the equations of motion and energy. Results are presented for relatively long disruption times for different beam cross sections and for a range of energy densities. It is demonstrated that there exists a critical value of cross-section area beyond which any further increase has no appreciable influence on the resulting depths of molten layers. It is also demonstrated that as the cross section increases, the convective flows caused by surface tension gradients resulting from variations of surface impurities are confined at regions close to the periphery of the molten zone, whereas at the center of the molten pool, heat is transported in the molten metal by conduction. It is demonstrated that by increasing the beam cross-section area, the resulting depths of molten layers increase. However, there exists a critical value of cross section beyond which the resulting molten layer depths are invariant to the beam cross section. It is further appreciated that there are other important phenomena taking part during plasma disruptions, such as electromagnetic forces, but at this stage, such influences on the molten layers will not be studied. Nevertheless, the influence of the beam cross-sectional area would be of similar importance.