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Fusion energy: Progress, partnerships, and the path to deployment
Over the past decade, fusion energy has moved decisively from scientific aspiration toward a credible pathway to a new energy technology. Thanks to long-term federal support, we have significantly advanced our fundamental understanding of plasma physics—the behavior of the superheated gases at the heart of fusion devices. This knowledge will enable the creation and control of fusion fuel under conditions required for future power plants. Our progress is exemplified by breakthroughs at the National Ignition Facility and the Joint European Torus.
M. Ichimura et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 59 | Number 1 | January 2011 | Pages 98-103
doi.org/10.13182/FST11-A11583
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Plasmas with high ion-temperature of several keV have been produced by using ion-cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating in the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror. In such high performance plasmas, high and low-frequency fluctuations are excited and ions trapped in the magnetic field interact with such fluctuations. Three types of wave-particle interactions have been observed in the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror. The turning point diffusion near the ion cyclotron resonance layer has been observed in minimum-B configuration on the anchor cell. Pitch angle scattering of high-energy ions due to the AIC modes and low-frequency waves which have differential frequencies between discrete peaks of the AIC modes are clearly detected. The drift-type fluctuations are clearly observed in the central cell. By using a semiconductor detector, high-energy ions are detected at the radial location far from the plasma edge. The fluctuation, of which frequency is the same as that of drift-type fluctuation, is observed in the signal of high-energy ions. From the pitch angle distribution of the phase differences between both fluctuations, radial transport of high-energy ions caused by drift-type fluctuations near their turning points in the confining mirror field is suggested in the experiments.