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Commercial nuclear innovation "new space" age
In early 2006, a start-up company launched a small rocket from a tiny island in the Pacific. It exploded, showering the island with debris. A year later, a second launch attempt sent a rocket to space but failed to make orbit, burning up in the atmosphere. Another year brought a third attempt—and a third failure. The following month, in September 2008, the company used the last of its funds to launch a fourth rocket. It reached orbit, making history as the first privately funded liquid-fueled rocket to do so.
J. Ongena, A. M. Messiaen
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 49 | Number 2 | February 2006 | Pages 425-440
Technical Paper | Plasma and Fusion Energy Physics - Fusion Reactor Issues | doi.org/10.13182/FST06-A1142
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The total amount of heating power coupled to the plasma Ptot and the energy confinement time are determining parameters for realizing the plasma conditions suitable for the reactor. We recall that the ignition condition can be expressed by the following condition on the triple fusion product :NT = Ptot2/3 Vol = 3N2T2Vol/Ptot > (NT)ignition (1)with T ~= 15keVwhere = E/Ptot is the energy confinement time, E = 3NT Vol for an isothermal plasma with Ti = Te = T and a plasma volume Vol; N is the plasma density. The value T ~= 15 keV corresponds to the minimum value of (NT)ignition as a function T (see Fig. 1). In the present discussion for the sake of simplicity, we neglect density and temperature profile factors. The heating power in most of the present experiments is given by Ptot = POH + Padd where POH is the ohmic power and Padd is the additional heating due to neutral beam injection or R.F. heating. At ignition, the additional heating power must come completely from the energetic particles produced by the fusion reactions and we must have Ptot = P if we neglect the residual POH and the plasma losses by Bremsstrahlung (PBr [is proportional to] N2T1/2).