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Why should safeguards by design be a global effort?
Jeremy Whitlock
I can’t think of a more exciting time to be working in nuclear, with the diversity of advanced reactor development and increasing global support for nuclear in sustainable energy planning. But we can’t lose sight of the need to plan for efficient international safeguards at the same time.
Global nuclear deployment has been underpinned since 1970 by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), making it a key customer requirement for governments to demonstrate unequivocally that the technology is not being misused for weapons development.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has helped verify this commitment for more than 50 years, but it has never safeguarded many of the advanced reactors (and related fuel cycle processes) being developed today.
K. Kawahata, B. J. Peterson, T. Akiyama, N. Ashikawa, M. Emoto, H. Funaba, Y. Hamada, K. Ida, S. Inagaki, T. Ido, M. Isobe, M. Goto, A. Mase, S. Masuzaki, C. Michael, T. Morisaki, S. Morita, S. Muto, Y. Nagayama, Y. Nakamura, H. Nakanishi, R. Sakamoto, K. Narihara, M. Nishiura, S. Ohdachi, S. Okajima, M. Osakabe, S. Sakakibara, A. Sanin, M. Sasao, K. Sato, A. Shimizu, M. Shoji, S. Sudo, N. Tamura, K. Tanaka, K. Toi, T. Tokuzawa, E. V. Veshchev, L. N. Vyacheslavov, I. Yamada, M. Yoshinuma, LHD Experiment Group
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 58 | Number 1 | July-August 2010 | Pages 331-344
Chapter 8. Diagnostics | Special Issue on Large Helical Device (LHD) | doi.org/10.13182/FST10-A10819
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The Large Helical Device (LHD) is the world's largest heliotron-type device with l = 2, m = 10 continuous superconducting helical coils and three pairs of superconducting poloidal coils. The major and minor radii of the plasma are 3.6 to 3.9 and 0.6 to 0.65 m, respectively. A plasma with an elliptic cross section confined in the helical magnetic field rotates poloidally along the magnetic axis and has no axial symmetry. For the installation of various kinds of diagnostic instruments, large-sized ports are equipped. The diameter of the largest horizontal ports is 2410 mm, which enables us to easily access the full plasma cross section with multichannel viewing chords aligned parallel to one another. For the precise measurement of plasma quantities in a three-dimensional helical plasma, an extensive set of diagnostics has been developed with national and international collaborators and is routinely operated in LHD. The diagnostic system now consists of [approximately]50 measuring instruments and includes many challenging diagnostics that have been developed and operated for the study of LHD plasma confinement. These are classified as profile diagnostics, fluctuation diagnostics, and advanced diagnostics, some of which are selected for introduction in this article. In addition, diagnostics for the divertor and for energetic particles are discussed, along with topics that are somewhat unique to helical devices such as diagnosing three-dimensional phenomena and flux surface mapping. This large number of diagnostics in LHD rely on a data acquisition system that has broken world records for the amount of information accumulated in one shot. Finally, looking to the near future, countermeasures have been taken to protect diagnostics from the neutrons and gamma fluxes anticipated during deuterium-deuterium experiments, such as placing much of the diagnostic instrumentation behind a 2-m-thick concrete biological shield encompassing the LHD test cell.