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2024 ANS Annual Conference
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Fusion Science and Technology
Latest News
Zap Energy hits 37-million-degree electron temperatures in compact fusion device
Zap Energy announced April 23 that it has reached 1-3 keV plasma electron temperatures—roughly the equivalent of 11 to 37 million degrees Celsius—using its sheared-flow-stabilized Z-pinch approach to fusion. Reaching temperatures above that of the sun’s core (which is 10 million degrees Celsius temperature) is just one hurdle required before any fusion confinement concept can realistically pursue net gain and fusion energy.
Orlin L. Blajiev, Chihiro Matsuura, Daisuke Hiroishi, Kenkichi Ishigure
Nuclear Technology | Volume 137 | Number 1 | January 2002 | Pages 60-71
Technical Paper | Radioisotopes | doi.org/10.13182/NT02-A3257
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-2 in the presence of Zn was investigated. Zinc is a possible technological additive to be injected in the coolant to reduce the 60Co buildup. However, its influence on the cladding corrosion, alone or in combination with some typical corrosion impurities, as, for example, Cr, has not been considered so far. Because of this, the surface composition and electrochemical properties of Zircaloy specimens were investigated after their exposure to Zn2+, CrO42-, and CrO42- + Zn2+ aqueous solutions at 250°C. It was found that zinc-containing phases did not deposit from solutions containing on Zn2+ ions. Amorphous Cr3+-oxide and ZnCr2O4 ferrite phases were found on the surface of the samples after their exposure to CrO42- and CrO42- + Zn2+ environments, respectively. The amounts of the deposited Cr and Zn + Cr strongly depended on the times of the preconditioning of the Zircaloy specimens in high-temperature water. The rate of the oxide precipitation declined with increasing exposure time to both the CrO42- and CrO42- + Zn2+ solutions. The electrochemical measurement showed that the limiting factor of the Cr and Zn + Cr deposition reaction was the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The reduction completely depended on the resistance of ZrO2, Cr, and Zn + Cr oxides, which increased with the time of preconditioning and exposure. A thermodynamic analysis based on oxide solubilities was applied to explain the different deposition pathways in the CrO42- and CrO42- + Zn2+ environments. In view of the decreasing deposition rate of the Zn - Cr-oxide phases, it could be concluded that their limited precipitation and presence do not have a significant adverse effect on the fuel cladding corrosion.
