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Can hydrogen be the transportation fuel in an otherwise nuclear economy?
Let’s face it: The global economy should be powered primarily by nuclear power. And it probably will by the end of this century, with a still-significant assist from renewables and hydro. Once nuclear systems are dominant, the costs come down to where gas is now; and when carbon emissions are reduced to a small portion of their present state, it will become obvious that most other sources are only good in niche settings. I mean, why use small modular reactors to load-follow when they can just produce that power instead of buffering it?
S. Chiocchio, G. Federici, G. Janeschitz, R. Tivey, C. Baxi, J. R. Haines, M. A. Ulrickson
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 26 | Number 3 | November 1994 | Pages 628-633
Divertor Experiment and Technology | Proceedings of the Eleventh Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy New Orleans, Louisiana June 19-23, 1994 | doi.org/10.13182/FST94-A40227
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The ITER Divertor design is based on the idea of extinguishing the plasma flame in a gas target. According to this scheme a large part of the power entering the divertor region would be dissipated through atomic and molecular reactions. These processes must take place along the whole extension of the divertor throat, in older to limit the thermal loads and particle fluxes onto the target. Thus, the divertor channel walls have to be shaped in order to achieve an adequate heat removal capability and to allow an effective recirculation of the gas from the target to the upper part of the divertor region. This paper describes the main features of the Power Exhaust Structure of the ITER Divertor, which composes the side wall of the divertor channel. In the selected design, the side wall is formed by wing like plates (fins/vanes) twisted 45 degrees in the toroidal direction towards the incoming magnetic field lines. The shape and size of these vanes are determined by the requirement for providing a highly transparent wall, coupled with the need to minimize the thermal deflections and stresses of the structure induced by thermal and electromagnetic loads. The wings are made of copper and protected from the plasma by armor made from either Be or W. In this paper we present the basic features of the proposed design and report on the analyses carried out to assess the behavior of the vanes under the dominant loads. Also, the paper presents an assessment of the concept from the point of view of component fabrication, based on results of preliminary studies carried out to support the design of the ITER divertor.