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Glass strategy: Hanford’s enhanced waste glass program
The mission of the Department of Energy’s Office of River Protection (ORP) is to complete the safe cleanup of waste resulting from decades of nuclear weapons development. One of the most technologically challenging responsibilities is the safe disposition of approximately 56 million gallons of radioactive waste historically stored in 177 tanks at the Hanford Site in Washington state.
ORP has a clear incentive to reduce the overall mission duration and cost. One pathway is to develop and deploy innovative technical solutions that can advance baseline flow sheets toward higher efficiency operations while reducing identified risks without compromising safety. Vitrification is the baseline process that will convert both high-level and low-level radioactive waste at Hanford into a stable glass waste form for long-term storage and disposal.
Although vitrification is a mature technology, there are key areas where technology can further reduce operational risks, advance baseline processes to maximize waste throughput, and provide the underpinning to enhance operational flexibility; all steps in reducing mission duration and cost.
J. Hosea, J. H. Adler, P. Alling, C. Ancher, H. Anderson, J.L. Anderson,a) J.W. Anderson, V. Arunasalam, G. Ascione, D. Ashcroft, C.W. Barnes,a) G. Barnes, S. Batha,b) M.G. Bell, R. Bell, M. Bitter, W. Blanchard, N.L. Bretz, C. Brunkhorst, R. Budny, T. Burgess,c) H. Bush,e) C.E. Bush,c) R. Camp, M. Caorlin, H. Carnevale, S. Cauffman, Z. Chang,f) C.Z. Cheng, J. Chrzanowski, J. Collins, G. Coward, M. Cropper, D.S. Darrow, R. Daugert, J. DeLooper, H. Duong,h) L. Dudek, R. Durst,f) P.C. Efthimion, D. Ernst,d) J. Faunce, R. Fisher, R.J. Fonck,f) E, Fredd, E. Fredrickson, N. Fromm, G.Y. Fu, H.P. Furth, V. Garzotto, C. Gentile, G. Gettelfinger, J. Gilbert, J. Gioia, T. Golian, N. Gorelenkov,i) B. Grek, L.R. Grisham, G. Hammett, G.R. Hanson,c) R.J. Hawryluk, W. Heidbrink,j) H.W. Herrmann, K.W. Hill, H. Hsuan, A. Janos, D.L. Jassby, F.C. Jobes, D.W. Johnson, L.C. Johnson, J. Kamperschroer, J. Kesner,d) H. Kugel, S. Kwon,e) G. Labik, N.T. Lam,f) P.H. LaMarche, E. Lawson, B. LeBlanc, M. Leonard, J. Levine, F.M. Levinton,b) D. Loesser, D. Long, M.J. Loughlin,k) J. Machuzak,d) D.K. Mansfield, M. Marchlik,e) E. S. Marmar,d) R. Marsala, A. Martin, G. Martin, V. Mastrocola, E. Mazzucato, R. Majeski, M. Mauel,l) M.P. McCarthy, B. McCormack, D.C. McCune, K.M. McGuire, D.M. Meade, S.S. Medley, D.R. Mikkelsen, S.L. Milora,c) D. Mueller, M. Murakami,c) J.A. Murphy, A. Nagy, G.A. Navratil,l) R. Nazikian, R. Newman, T. Nishitani,m) M. Norris, T. O'Connor, M. Oldaker, J. Ongena,n) M. Osakabe,o) D.K. Owens, H. Park, W. Park, S.F. Paul, Yu.I. Pavlov,p) G. Pearson, F. Perkins, E. Perry, R. Persing, M. Petrov,q) C.K. Phillips, S. Pitcher,r) S. Popovichev,p) R. Pysher, A.L. Qualls,c) S. Raftopoulos, R. Ramakrishnan, A. Ramsey, D.A. Rasmussen,c) M.H. Redi, G. Renda, G. Rewoldt, D. Roberts,f) J. Rogers, R. Rossmassler, A.L. Roquemore, E. Ruchov,j) S.A. Sabbagh,l) M. Sasao,o) G. Schilling, J. Schivell, G.L. Schmidt, R. Scillia, S.D. Scott, T. Senko, R. Sissingh, C. Skinner, J. Snipes,d) P. Snook, J. Stencel, J. Stevens, T. Stevenson, B.C. Stratton, J.D. Strachan, W. Stodiek, E. Synakowski, W. Tang, G. Taylor, J. Terry,d) M.E. Thompson, J.R. Timberlake, H.H. Towner, A. von Halle, C. Vannoy, R. Wester, R. Wieland, J.B. Wilgen,c) M. Williams, J.R. Wilson, J. Winston, K. Wright, D. Wong,r) K.L. Wong, P. Woskov,d) G.A. Wurden,a) M. Yamada, A. Yeun,r) S. Yoshikawa, K.M. Young, M.C. Zarnstorff, S.J. Zweben
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 26 | Number 3 | November 1994 | Pages 389-398
Magnetic Fusion Experiment | Proceedings of the Eleventh Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion Energy New Orleans, Louisiana June 19-23, 1994 | doi.org/10.13182/FST94-A40191
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
The deuterium-tritium (D-T) experimental program on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) is underway and routine tritium operations have been established. The technology upgrades made to the TFTR facility have been demonstrated to be sufficient for supporting both operations and maintenance for an extended D-T campaign. To date fusion power has been increased to ∼9 MW and several physics results of importance to the D-T reactor regime have been obtained: electron temperature, ion temperature, and plasma stored energy all increase substantially in the D-T regime relative to the D-D regime at the same neutral beam power and comparable limiter conditioning; possible alpha electron heating is indicated and energy confinement improvement with average ion mass is observed; and alpha particle losses appear to be classical with no evidence of TAE mode activity up to the PFUS ∼ 6 MW level. Instability in the TAE mode frequency range has been observed at PFUS > 7 MW and its effect on performance is under investigation. Preparations are underway to enhance the alpha particle density further by increasing fusion power and by extending the neutral beam pulse length to permit alpha particle effects of relevance to the ITER regime to be more fully explored.
