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2024 ANS Annual Conference
June 16–19, 2024
Las Vegas, NV|Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino
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Why should safeguards by design be a global effort?
Jeremy Whitlock
I can’t think of a more exciting time to be working in nuclear, with the diversity of advanced reactor development and increasing global support for nuclear in sustainable energy planning. But we can’t lose sight of the need to plan for efficient international safeguards at the same time.
Global nuclear deployment has been underpinned since 1970 by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), making it a key customer requirement for governments to demonstrate unequivocally that the technology is not being misused for weapons development.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has helped verify this commitment for more than 50 years, but it has never safeguarded many of the advanced reactors (and related fuel cycle processes) being developed today.
M. Reinhart et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 63 | Number 1 | May 2013 | Pages 201-204
doi.org/10.13182/FST13-A16905
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
In this work we investigate the applicability of several optical emission spectroscopy methods to measure the electron density and temperature in deuterium plasma in the linear plasma generator PSI-2. The spectroscopy measurements are realized by an imaging spectrometer which delivers radial profiles of the emission lines. With the application of an inverse Abel transformation, spatially resolved measurements are obtained.The spectroscopy methods divide into two groups: The measurement of ne by Balmer line ratios and by the rotational temperature of molecules is only suitable for ionizing plasmas; the measurement of ne by the Stark broadening of Paschen lines and of Te by Paschen line ratios is only applicable for recombining plasmas.For the evaluation of these methods, different plasma conditions are produced in PSI-2. The plasma generator is capable of producing deuterium plasmas with electron densities of up to 1013 cm-3 and electron temperatures of up to 20 eV. Additional measurements with a Langmuir double probe are conducted for comparison with the spectroscopy measurements.A collisional-radiative model in the Yacora code is used to compare measured Balmer line emissions with the calculation and to investigate which reaction channels influence the recombination in PSI-2.