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Fusion Science and Technology
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Glass strategy: Hanford’s enhanced waste glass program
The mission of the Department of Energy’s Office of River Protection (ORP) is to complete the safe cleanup of waste resulting from decades of nuclear weapons development. One of the most technologically challenging responsibilities is the safe disposition of approximately 56 million gallons of radioactive waste historically stored in 177 tanks at the Hanford Site in Washington state.
ORP has a clear incentive to reduce the overall mission duration and cost. One pathway is to develop and deploy innovative technical solutions that can advance baseline flow sheets toward higher efficiency operations while reducing identified risks without compromising safety. Vitrification is the baseline process that will convert both high-level and low-level radioactive waste at Hanford into a stable glass waste form for long-term storage and disposal.
Although vitrification is a mature technology, there are key areas where technology can further reduce operational risks, advance baseline processes to maximize waste throughput, and provide the underpinning to enhance operational flexibility; all steps in reducing mission duration and cost.
A. V. Arzhannikov et al.
Fusion Science and Technology | Volume 63 | Number 1 | May 2013 | Pages 82-87
doi.org/10.13182/FST13-A16878
Articles are hosted by Taylor and Francis Online.
Sub-mm radiation can be generated by conversion of plasma waves into electromagnetic (EM) radiation at strong Langmuir turbulence (LT) via the two-stream instability induced by a high current relativistic electron beam (REB). A plasmon scattering on plasma density fluctuations produces EM emission at the plasma frequency p (“p process”). Nonlinear plasmon-plasmon merging results in the generation of photons nearby the 2nd harmonic of the plasma frequency 2p (2p process”). For plasma densities 1020-1021 m-3, these frequencies are in the range of sub-mm waves: 180-566 GHz. The power density of sub-mm-wave emission from plasmas in the multi-mirror trap GOL-3 (BINP) during injection of a 10-s-REB at plasma densities ne [approximately equal] (1-5)1020 m-3, electron temperatures Te [approximately equal] 1-3 keV and magnetic field B [approximately equal] 4 T was measured to be up to 1 kW/cm3 in the frequency band above 100 GHz.To calculate the second harmonic emission power from turbulent magnetized plasma we use the model of coalescence of two upper-hybrid waves. Results of these calculations and measured power are in good coincidence in the investigated area of plasma density.